Ma PrecisionSpring Works, Nīnau pinepine ʻia au e pili ana i nā mea maikaʻi loa no nā pūnāwai. "Maʻamau" noʻu, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mea e hoʻokō pono ai i nā pono hoʻolālā ʻoiai e hoʻohana pono ana i ke kumu a hana. ʻO ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaulike kūpono no David a me nā mea kūʻai aku ʻē aʻe. E wehewehe wau i ka mea a mākou e hoʻohana ai a me ke kumu.
He aha ka mea e hana ai i kahi punawai "maʻamau" a hoʻohana nui ʻia?
Ma ke ʻano he ʻenekinia, ʻIke au i nā mea he nui no nā pūnāwai. He aha ka mea e kū ai kekahi? E pili ana i ke kaulike ʻana i ka hana, koina, a me ka loaʻa ʻana no nā noi like ʻole.
Hāʻawi nā mea puna maʻamau i kahi kaulike maikaʻi o ka ikaika, ductility, pale ʻana i ka luhi, a me ke kumu kūʻai. ʻO kā lākou hoʻohana nui ʻana mai ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi noiʻi like ʻole ʻoiai ke waiho nei i ka ʻoihana waiwai a hiki ke loaʻa no nā kaʻina hana..
Luʻu hohonu i ka mea e maʻa mau ai kahi mea no nā Puna
Mai koʻu ʻike, lilo kekahi mea i "maʻamau" no ka mea, ʻaʻole no ka ikaika wale nō o nā pūnāwai, akā, no ka mea e hālāwai ana i nā ʻano pono kūpono. Ka mua, pono e hāʻawi i kahi maikaʻi kaulike o na waiwai. 'O ia ho'i, ua lawa ka pono ikaika tensile[^1] e lawelawe i ka haawe me ka haki ole, a lawa hāʻawi i ka ikaika[^ 2] e hoʻi i kona ʻano kumu i kēlā me kēia manawa. Pono nō hoʻi ka maikaʻi pale ʻana i ka luhi[^ 3] no ke ola loihi, e like me ka nui o na punawai e holo ana i na manawa he nui. Ka lua, kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa[^4] he mau kumu nui. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka mea maikaʻi loa inā he pipiʻi a paʻakikī paha ke kiʻi. Pono nā mea hana i nā mea i hanaʻia i ka nui a hiki ke kūʻaiʻia ma ke kumukūʻai kūpono. Ke kolu, pono ka mea maʻalahi e hana pū me[^5]. Hoʻopili kēia i ka huki ʻana iā ia i ka uea, hana ana i mau ano puna, a me ka hana wela. Inā he palupalu a koi ʻia ka hana paʻakikī, e emi mai ana. ʻIke mau ʻo David i kēia kaulike. Pono ʻo ia i nā pūnāwai e hana pono, akā, kūpono hoʻi i kāna kālā a me ka papa hana hana. Manaʻo ʻo ia i ka maikaʻi kūlike mai nā mea i hōʻoia ʻia a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana. Hoʻoholo pū kēia mau mea inā lilo kahi mea i mea e koho ai no nā mea hana puna e like me aʻu.
| Waiwai | No ke aha he mea nui no ka "Common" Nā mea waiwai | Ka hopena o ka nele |
|---|---|---|
| Ka ikaika | Hoʻohana i nā ukana i koi ʻia me ka hāʻule ʻole | Hoʻohāhā a ʻino paha ka pūnāwai |
| ʻO ka ductility | Hāʻawi i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano paʻakikī | Nā māwae mea i ka wā o ka wili ʻana a i ʻole ke kulou ʻana |
| Ola luhi | E hōʻoia i ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi mau | Hāʻule mua ka puna, ke kumu i nahaha ai na mea hana |
| Koina | Hiki ke ola waiwai no ka hana nui | Ua lilo ka huahana i mea pipiʻi no ka hana ʻana |
| Loaʻa | Maʻalahi e hoʻohana mau | Hoʻopaneʻe hana, hāʻawi like ʻole |
Ke nānā mau nei au i kēia kaulike ke koho mea puna maʻamau[^6].
ʻO ka mea nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe[^7] hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā pūnāwai?
Ke hoʻolālā au i nā pūnāwai o kēlā me kēia lā, Huli pinepine au i nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe[^7]. He hilinaʻi lākou a he kumu kūʻai. He aha ka mea e kaulana ai lākou?
ʻO nā kila punawai kalapona kiʻekiʻe e like me Music Wire (Astm A228), ʻAila ʻAila (ASTM A229), a Huki-paʻa (ASTM A227)[^8] ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau ma muli o ko lākou ikaika maikaʻi, ola luhi maikaʻi, a emi iho ke kumukuai, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i kūpono no nā hana maʻamau.
Luʻu hohonu i loko o nā hao pūnāwai kalapona kiʻekiʻe maʻamau
Ma koʻu ʻike, ʻO nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka ʻoihana puna. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i kahi hui nui o ka ikaika a me ke kumukūʻai. Pūnaewele Music (Astm A228)[^9] ʻo ia kekahi o nā kila kalapona ikaika loa. Loaʻa iā ia kona ikaika mai ka huki anu, ka mea e hoolana i ka uwea. Hoʻohana pinepine wau no ka liʻiliʻi, nā punawai kiʻekiʻe e pono ai ke ola luhi maikaʻi. He mea maʻamau ia i nā mea e like me nā puna puka hale kaʻa, ʻāpana mea hana, a me nā mea pāʻani. A hiki, ʻAiʻa-Aila Kiʻekiʻe-Carbon Steel (ASTM A229) kaulana loa. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia uea i ka wela e hāʻawi iā ia i ka ikaika a me ka ductility. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā pūnāwai nui kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai ka uea mele i nā nui nui. Hana maikaʻi ia no nā pūnāwai kaʻa a me nā mīkini kaumaha. ʻO ka hope loa, Uea Puanu Paakiki (ASTM A227) ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka waiwai. Ua huki ʻia i ka nui, aka, aole ikaika e like me ka uwea mele. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā pūnāwai kahi ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ke koʻikoʻi, a he pilikia nui ke kumukūʻai. Ua ʻike ʻo David i kēia mau mea pono no ka nui o kāna mau mea hana ʻenehana maʻamau. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hana maikaʻi me ka wāwahi ʻole i ka panakō. Akā naʻe,, ʻO kahi haʻahaʻa o kēia mau hao kalapona ʻo ko lākou pale ʻana i ka corrosion haʻahaʻa. Pono lākou i ka uhi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana inā aia ma nā wahi pulu a haʻahaʻa paha. ʻAʻole maikaʻi lākou i nā hoʻonohonoho wela kiʻekiʻe.
| ʻAno Mea | Nā ʻano nui | Hoʻohana maʻamau | Pono | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pūnaewele Music (Astm A228)[^9] | Kiekie loa ikaika tensile[^1], luhi luhi | Liʻiliʻi, nā puna wai hoʻoluhi kiʻekiʻe, mea pāʻani, nā mea hana | ikaika loa, kumu kūʻai no nā mea liʻiliʻi | Haʻahaʻa pale ʻino[^10], wela palena |
| ʻAila ʻAila (ASTM A229)[^11] | ikaika maikaʻi, ductility, paakiki mua | Kaʻa kaʻa, mīkini kaumaha, punawai nui | ʻO ke kaulike maikaʻi o nā waiwai, maʻamau | Haʻahaʻa pale ʻino[^10], wela palena |
| Huki-paʻa (ASTM A227)[^8] | Hoʻokele waiwai, maikaʻi ka manaʻo nui | Ke kumu nui, nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | ʻO ke kumu kūʻai nui loa, loaʻa ākea | ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ka luhi ma mua o Music Wire |
Ke noʻonoʻo mau nei au i kēia no nā pūnāwai kahi mea nui ke kumukūʻai a me ka hana maikaʻi.
He aha nā kila kila i koho pinepineʻia no nā punawai koi?
No nā pūnāwai e pono ai ma mua o ka ikaika kumu, Nānā au i nā kila kila. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hana maikaʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī. ʻO wai nā mea kī?
ʻO nā kila kila i koho pinepine ʻia no nā pūnāwai me Chrome Silicon (ASTM A401) no ka wela nui a me ka luhi, a ʻO Chrome Vanadium (ASTM A231/A232)[^12] no ke ku'e ha'alulu. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea i ka ikaika a me ka hana ma luna o nā kila kalapona.
Luʻu hohonu i loko o nā hao pūnāwai hui like
I ka wā e pono ai ka pūnāwai e hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika a i ʻole ma nā wahi ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka hiki i nā kila kalapona ke mālama, Huli au i nā kila kila. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau mea waiwai, like chromium, silika, a i ʻole vanadium, ka mea e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou mau waiwai. Chrome Silicon (ASTM A401)[^13] he kūlana kū. Hāʻawi ia kiʻekiʻe loa ikaika tensile[^1] a maikaʻi loa pale ʻana i ka luhi[^ 3], ʻoiai ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo wau ia no nā noi koʻikoʻi e like me nā pūnāwai valve engine, ʻike i nā miliona o nā pōʻai a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona hiki ke mālama i ka ikaika i ka wā wela e lilo ia i mea koho kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kekahi huila i koho pinepine ʻia ʻO Chrome Vanadium (ASTM A231/A232)[^12]. ʻO kēia kila ka ikaika tensile maikaʻi, kūʻē haʻalulu maikaʻi loa, a me ke ola luhi maikai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻo David i kēia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi a i ʻole nā mīkini ʻenehana kahi e kū koke ai nā pūnāwai, nā hopena kiʻekiʻe. Kōkua ka vanadium e hoʻoikaika i ke kila a ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa i ka luhi. ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o kēia mau mea hao ma mua o nā kila kalapona maʻamau. Akā ʻo kā lākou hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻana i nā kūlana kikoʻī e hana pinepine i ke kumu kūʻai keu. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hilinaʻi a me ke ola lōʻihi e pono ai no ka koi ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻenehana a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa. Ke hōʻoia mau nei au e hoʻomaopopo ʻo David i kēia mau kālepa ke koho mākou i kahi mea no kāna mau mea koʻikoʻi.
| ʻAno Mea | Nā ʻano nui | Hoʻohana maʻamau | Pono | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chrome Silicon (ASTM A401)[^13] | ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa, luhi luhi, kiʻekiʻe temp | Pūnāwai valve engine, nā noi hoʻoluhi kiʻekiʻe | Paʻa ka ikaika i ka wela, ola luhi loa | ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā kila kalapona |
| ʻO Chrome Vanadium (ASTM A231/A232)[^12] | Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, haʻalulu maikaʻi, luhi maikaʻi | Nā hoʻokuʻu kaumaha, kū'ē hopena | Maikaʻi no ka hoʻoikaika kino a me ka haʻalulu | ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā kila kalapona |
| 5160 Puanu kila | Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoʻoleʻa kūʻokoʻa, haʻalulu haʻalulu | Puna lau, kaʻa hoʻomaha, ʻāpana kaumaha | Kūleʻa hopena maikaʻi loa, kiʻekiʻe resilience | Pono ka mālama wela kūpono, ʻaʻole no ke kiʻekiʻe temp |
Ke koho pinepine nei au i kēia no nā pūnāwai e kū nei i nā kūlana koi a me ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā mea kila kila a me nā huila kūikawā[^14] he mea maʻamau no nā pūnāwai me nā pono kūikawā?
I kekahi manawa, pono e hana ka punawai ma mua o ka huki a huki wale. Pono ia e hakakā i ka ʻōpala a i ʻole e hoʻokele uila. ʻO nā mea i kūpono i kēia mau pono kūikawā?
No nā pono kūikawā, Na kila kila (E.g., ʻAno 302, 17-7 PH) mea mau no pale ʻino[^10] a i ʻole nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole like nā mea hao hao Phosphor Bronze (no ka conductivity) a Beryllium Copper (no ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka non-magnetism) ua koho ʻia no kā lākou mau waiwai ma mua o ka ikaika.
Luʻu hohonu i loko o nā kila kūwaha maʻamau a me nā huila kūikawā
Ke makemake nā pūnāwai i nā waiwai kūikawā, Ke nānā aku nei au ma mua o ke kalapona maʻamau a me ke kila kila. Na kila kila he mea maʻamau ke pilikia ka corrosion. ʻAno 302 Kila kohu ʻole (ASTM A313) hoʻohana nui ʻia. Kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka ʻōpala a loaʻa ka ikaika maikaʻi no nā noi he nui. Akā naʻe,, ʻaʻole ikaika e like me ka uea mele. No ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe me pale ʻino[^10], Huli pinepine au i 17-7 PH kila kila. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia mea i ka wela e loaʻa ai ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa, e like me kekahi mau hao hao, oiai e malama ana i kona maikai pale ʻino[^10]. Hoʻohana ʻo David i kēia i nā mea lapaʻau a i ʻole nā mīkini waho kahi e pilikia ai ka ʻōpala. Ma waho aʻe o nā kila kila, nā mea hao hao ʻole lawelawe i nā kumu kikoʻī loa. Phosphor Bronze (ASTM B159) he keleawe keleawe ia he mea hoʻokele uila maikaʻi a ʻaʻole-magnetic. Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai puna maikaʻi akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kila. Hoʻohana wau ia no nā mea pili uila a i ʻole nā mea kani kahi i hiki ʻole ai ka magnetism. Beryllium Copper (ASTM B197)[^15] hāʻawi i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke keleawe phosphor, me ka conductivity uila maikaʻi a me nā waiwai non-magnetic. He mea maikaʻi loa ia no nā pūnāwai e pono ai ke lawelawe liʻiliʻi, nā neʻe pololei i nā pōʻai he nui. ʻO kēia mau mea nā huila kūikawā[^14] ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi. Akā ua koho ʻia inā ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hoʻokō i nā pono koʻikoʻi no ka corrosion, uila, a i ʻole nā waiwai magnetic. Ke kaupaona mau nei au i ko lākou mau pono kū hoʻokahi i ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika haʻahaʻa ma ke ʻano he kila.
| ʻAno Mea | Nā ʻano nui | Hoʻohana maʻamau | Pono | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʻAno 302 Kila kohu ʻole (ASTM A313)[^16] | Maikaʻi loa pale ʻino[^10], ikaika kūpono | ʻO ka hana meaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, nā noi waho | Kū'ē i ka'ōpala, maikaʻi a puni ka hana | ʻAʻole ikaika e like me nā kila carbon/alloy |
| 17-7 PH kila kila (ASTM A313)[^17] | Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi loa pale ʻino[^10] | Aerospace, lāʻau lapaʻau, kaiapuni koi | Hoʻohui i ka ikaika me ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama wela, koina kiekie |
| Phosphor Bronze (ASTM B159)[^18] | Mea hoʻokele uila maikaʻi, non-magnetic, ikaika kūpono | Pili uila, mea kani, nā hoʻololi | Conductive, non-magnetic, maikaʻi formability | ʻOi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kila, koina kiekie |
| Beryllium Copper (ASTM B197)[^15] | Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, conductive, non-magnetic, haʻahaʻa hysteresis | uila hana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea kani pololei | ikaika loa, maikaʻi conductivity | Kūʻai, ʻona i ka hana ʻana, emi loa |
Ke koho nei au i kēia mau mea no nā pūnāwai ke hoʻokō ʻole nā kila maʻamau i nā pono kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā pono hana.
Hopena
Hana kaulike nā mea puna maʻamau, koina, a me ka loaʻa. ʻO nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe he mau koho maʻamau. Hāʻawi nā kila Alloy i ka ikaika i hoʻonui ʻia no ka hoʻohana koi. Hāʻawiʻia nā mea kila kila a me nā'āpana kūikawā pale ʻino[^10] a i ʻole nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa e like me ka conductivity.
[^1]: E aʻo e pili ana i ka ikaika tensile a me kāna kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka punawai a me ka hana.
[^ 2]: E ʻike pehea ka hopena o ka ikaika i ka hana a me ka hilinaʻi o nā pūnāwai ma nā noi like ʻole.
[^ 3]: E hoʻomaopopo i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka luhi no ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā pūnāwai ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi mau.
[^4]: E ʻike i ke ʻano o nā kumu waiwai i ke koho ʻana i nā mea i ka hana puna.
[^5]: E ʻimi i nā hiʻohiʻona e kūpono ai i kekahi mau mea no ka hana puna.
[^6]: E ʻimi i nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea puna maʻamau no ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana.
[^7]: E aʻo e pili ana i nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe kaulana a me kā lākou noi i ka hana puna.
[^8]: E ʻimi i nā pono a me nā palena o ka uea Hard-Drawn i nā noi puna.
[^9]: E ʻike i ke kumu i makemake ʻia ai ka Music Wire no nā noi koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a me kāna mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa.
[^10]: E ʻimi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola o nā pūnāwai ma nā wahi ʻino.
[^11]: E hoʻomaopopo i nā pono o ke kila Oil-Tempered i ka hana ʻana i nā pūnāwai kūpaʻa a hilinaʻi.
[^12]: E ʻike pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai ʻo Chrome Vanadium i ka hana puna ma lalo o ka haʻalulu a me nā ukana ikaika.
[^13]: E aʻo e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hana kiʻekiʻe o Chrome Silicon no nā noi koʻikoʻi.
[^14]: E aʻo e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana kūikawā a me kā lākou mau noi i ka hoʻolālā puna.
[^15]: E ʻike i nā pono o ka Beryllium Copper i nā mea kani a me nā mea uila.
[^16]: E hoʻomaopopo i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me nā noi o Type 302 ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
[^17]: E ʻimi i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion o 17-7 PH i nā kaiapuni koi.
[^18]: E aʻo e pili ana i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o Phosphor Bronze a me kāna kuleana i nā noi uila.